A proud Peshmerga soldier pays to have his photograph taken on the streets of Arbil. Northern Iraq, 1991
Jamal Keder Osman shows a picture he carries of himself as a peshmerga fighter from the 1963 rebellion. Northern Iraq, 1991
Family members wear the photographs of Peshmerga martyrs, Saiwan Hill cemetery. Arbil, Northern Iraq, 1991
Gravestone of Peshmerga martyr, Saiwan Hill cemetery. Arbil, Northern Iraq, 1991
Family members wear the photographs of Peshmerga martyrs, Saiwan Hill cemetery. Arbil, Northern Iraq, 1991
Display window of Oskar Photo Studio. Arbil, Northern Iraq, June 1992
ID photographs found in the pockets of Kurds who had been executed,
held in the Iraqi intelligence service archive
As we waded through 18 metric tons of Iraqi government documents in the U.S. National Archives in 1992-93, pulling bunched-up files out of boxes and bags, small I.D. pictures would often come rolling out onto the floor. Others would still be in their proper place: attached with pins to the tops of file pages that provided biographical information about persons questioned by the Iraqi secret service, the Amn.
—Letter from Joost Hiltermann, June 1995